8 ages) were randomized so you’re able to every single day calcium supplements supplements (step one,2 hundred mg) getting several years. While zero upsurge in the danger getting prostate cancer tumors might have been reported while in the a great 10.step three-season follow-up, calcium supplements contributed to a life threatening risk loss of that point comprising of 24 months after procedures arrived at two years immediately following medication ended (150). In a review of the fresh new literature authored during 2009, the us Institution to own Medical care Browse and you may Quality revealed that not all of the epidemiological knowledge discover a link ranging from calcium consumption and you may prostate cancers (151). The new remark reported that six out of eleven observational degree were not successful locate statistically tall self-confident relationships anywhere between prostate cancers and calcium supplements intake. Yet, inside five studies, each day consumption regarding 921 to help you 2,100000 milligrams of calcium was indeed found to be of this an enhanced threat of development prostate malignant tumors in comparison to consumption ranging out-of 455 to a single,one hundred thousand mg/day (151). Inconsistencies certainly one of education highly recommend state-of-the-art affairs between your risk activities to have prostate cancer tumors, together with reflect the problems from assessing the effect from calcium consumption in 100 % free-life people. Like, the fact that people who have highest dairy and/otherwise calcium supplements consumption have been found to be more likely to getting involved with healthy lifestyles or higher probably search medical help is also decrease the fresh new analytical requirement for a link with prostate disease chance (152).
Manage calcium supplements help the risk to own heart problems?
Multiple observational education and you can randomized managed trials have increased questions out-of the possibility unwanted effects off calcium toward cardiovascular risk. The analysis of information from the Kuopio Osteoporosis Chance Foundation and you may Protection (OSTPRE) possible analysis discovered that profiles from calcium around 10,555 Finnish girls (years 52-62 many years) had a beneficial fourteen% higher risk of making coronary artery problem as compared to non-supplement pages while in the a suggest realize-upwards away from six.75 years (153). The target study of 23,980 professionals (35-64 years old) of the Heidelberg cohort of one’s European Potential Analysis on Cancer tumors and Nourishment cohort (EPIC-Heidelberg) seen you to supplemental calcium supplements intake is surely associated with exposure regarding myocardial infarction (stroke) yet not toward risk of coronary arrest otherwise cardiovascular disease (CVD)-relevant death just after a suggest go after-right up regarding eleven decades (154). Yet, employing calcium supplements (?400 milligrams/big date versus. 0 mg/day) is actually associated with an elevated threat of CVD-associated mortality within the 219,059 guys, although not into the 169,170 female, within the National Institute away from Fitness (NIH)-AARP Diet and Health investigation and you can implemented getting an indicate months away from 12 decades. CVD mortality for the guys was also seen to be rather higher with complete (losing weight in addition to extra) calcium consumption of 1,five hundred mg/date and a lot more than (155).
Up until the relationship anywhere between calcium supplements and you will prostate disease are clarified, it’s practical for men to eat a total of step 1,000 to a single,two hundred mg/day’s calcium (diet and pills combined), that’s recommended because of the Food and Nourishment Board of Institute off Medicine (come across RDA) (9)
In addition, the secondary analyses of two randomized placebo-controlled trials initially designed to assess the effect of calcium on bone health outcomes also suggested an increased risk of CVD in participants daily supplemented with 1,000 mg of calcium for five to seven years (156, 157). In the Auckland Calcium Study of 1,471 healthy postmenopausal women (ages ?55 years), calcium supplementation resulted in increased risks of myocardial infarction and of a composite cardiovascular endpoint, including myocardial infarction, stroke, or sudden death (156). The analysis of data from 36,282 healthy postmenopausal women randomized to receive a combination of calcium (1,000 mg/day) and vitamin D (400 IU/day) or a placebo in the Women’s Health Initiative/Calcium-Vitamin D supplementation study (WHI/CaD study) initially reported no adverse effect on any cardiovascular endpoints with calcium (and vitamin D) compared to placebo (158). A re-analysis was performed with data from 16,718 women who did not take personal calcium supplements (outside protocol) during the five-year study (157). Although criticized on the approach taken (134, 159), the investigators estimated that women supplemented with calcium and vitamin D had a 16% increased risk of clinical myocardial infarction or stroke and a 21% increased risk of myocardial infarction compared to those who received a placebo (157). However, in another randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial — the Calcium Intake Fracture Outcome (CAIFOS) study — in elderly women (median age, 75.1 years), the supplementation of 1,200 mg/day of calcium for five years was not found to increase the risk of vascular disease or related mortality (160). The WHI/CaD data re-analysis also failed to show an increased risk of mortality due to myocardial infarction or coronary artery disease with calcium therapy (156). Also, after an additional follow-up of 4.5 years servizi incontri sesso at the end of the treatment period in the CAIFOS trial, the investigators reported fewer cases of heart failure-related deaths with supplemental calcium compared to placebo (160). In another randomized, placebo-controlled trial of calcium and/or vitamin D3 (RECORD trial), the evaluation of the effect of 1,000 mg/day of calcium (alone or with 800 IU/day of vitamin D) reported no significant increase in the rate of mortality due to vascular disease in 5,292 participants ages 70 years and older (161). A recent cross-sectional analysis of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) evaluated the association between calcium intakes and cardiovascular mortality in 18,714 adults with no history of heart disease. No evidence of an association was observed between dietary calcium intake, supplemental calcium intake, or total calcium intake and cardiovascular mortality in either men or women (162).
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