21 февраля, 2023 
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conflict. dos The guy allied having Celtic people inside south Gaul (France) following introduced from the Alps within the 218 BCE. The guy invaded Italy that have 26,000 troops. An excellent tactician, he swept up Roman legions into the a life-threatening twice envelopment in the Cannae into the 216 BCE. Livy reviewed your Romans sustained 45,five-hundred infantry and you will 2,700 cavalry fatalities (Livy 2006, 118), however, armed forces historians determine around 62,one hundred thousand Roman and six,100 Carthaginian losses (Dupuy and you may Dupuy 1977, 66). That it unique setback advised Greeks in Sicily to revolt against Rome and sure Macedonia in order to friend that have Carthage. Ever durable, Rome recovered from these numerous reverses and you will systematically defeated the enemies. The newest Romans stopped the Macedonians off uniting the pushes having Hannibal’s, a proper governmental along with armed forces victory. Also, it stored otherwise neutralized the newest Sicilian Greeks. Scipio (236?–183 BCE), a fantastic general, effortlessly campaigned from the Carthaginians and their Iberian partners inside the Spain of 209 in order to 206 BCE. From that point he invaded Northern Africa for the 204, pressuring Hannibal so you can withdraw regarding Italy to defend Carthage. Within the 202 BCE, Scipio defeated Hannibal from the Zama. The latest peace agreement stipulated one Carthage spend various other highest indemnity, stop trying The country of spain to Rome, and you can give a significant region of the territory so you’re able to Rome’s friend Masinissa, the newest queen off “Numidia” (western Tunisia and you may east and you can main Algeria).
of sufet), as well as the town soon prospered despite its smaller governmental standing. Fearful again, Roman agencies plotted against Hannibal. The guy escaped Carthage and you will tried to rally new Hellenistic east (particularly Antiochus III) against Rome. Meanwhile, Romans relentlessly stalked the fresh Carthaginian; in the middle of his Roman foes, Hannibal committed committing suicide to get rid of capture.
Though Polybius and Livy respected Hannibal’s transculturalism, Carthaginians characteristically evinced these types of sensitivities for centuries offered the commercialism and you will the need certainly to enroll mercenaries
ized Hannibal’s military greatness. The guy knew how exactly to keep in touch with their troops and you will understood the value of understanding and you can appreciating this and strange. When you look at the researching Hannibal’s occupation, this new Greek historian Polybius, whom offered our house regarding Scipio, listed the latest Carthaginian’s frontrunners services: An admirable ability during the Hannibal’s character, additionally the strongest proof their being created ruler out-of guys, and achieving possessed statesmanlike attributes away from an unusual type, would be the fact, even if he was getting seventeen many years involved with actual warfare, and though he had and work out their method by way of multiple barbaric people, and employ numerous people of different nationalities as to what looked desperate and you may harmful companies, he was never generated the thing off a conspiracy from the people of those, nor left behind by the any of those who’d joined your and you may set on their own not as much as his order. (Polybius 1962, 2:331)
Scraping their family members’ wide range in Spain, hence maybe not exclusively relying on the fresh new Carthaginian treasury, Hannibal mustered a military from 59,100 however, missing over half it in the process
Livy complemented Polybius’s ample investigations as he demonstrated Hannibal’s exceptional transcultural understanding, which the Carthaginian exploited: Hannibal’s armed forces is actually including so many men who’d absolutely nothing in accordance with respect to words, people, legislation, guns, skirt, looks hinge nedir, and their reasons for having attacking, in which he varied their exhortations accordingly. . . . The Gauls was aroused by the their own brand of and you can instinctive hatred into the Romans. The Ligurians, who were brought off using their durable mountain property, have been passionate to help you expectations of victory from the possibility the latest steeped plains out-of Italy. The newest Moors and you will Numidians Hannibal terrified by the telling her or him just how raw Masinissa’s signal would-be. He labored on various races because of the inspiring other expectations and you can other fears. (Livy 2006, 602)
Carthage’s emergency depended for the self-confident and you can patient interaction having diverse societies. Carthaginian transculturalism was not relaxed however, extremely important and necessary.